An individual who witnesses a crime but does not participate is classified as a:

An individual who witnesses a crime but does not participate in it is classified as a witness. This classification is important in the context of law enforcement and legal proceedings, as witnesses can provide crucial information and evidence about the crime. They observe the events as they occur and can later testify about what they saw or heard. This role is fundamental in the justice system, as witness testimonies can help establish the facts of a case, corroborate other evidence, and aid law enforcement in the investigation.

Roles such as principal or co-offender involve active participation in the crime, which distinguishes them clearly from a witness. The victim is the person directly harmed by the crime, not merely an observer. Understanding these distinctions helps clarify the roles different individuals play in relation to criminal activity, which is vital for proper legal processing and enforcement of laws.